Causes of osteoporosis are ACCESS
:
Alcohol
Corticosteroids
Calcium deficiency (low intake)
Estrogen deficiency
Smoking
Sedentary Lifestyle
WBC
Count-Mnemonics
Monocytes
6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
CARDIOLOGY MNEMONICS
Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes
"Do Block AV":
Digoxin
B-blockers
Adenosine
Verapamil
Aortic regurgitation: causes
CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan’s
Aortic stenosis characteristics
SAD:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
_ If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat
DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence/ Scoliosis/ Skeletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum)
Atrial fibrillation: causes
A SHIT:
Alcohol
Stenosis (mitral valve)
Hypertension
Infarction/ Ischaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Atrial fibrillation: causes
PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation: management
ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)
3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
"Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium"
_ Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
CHF: causes of exacerbation
FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
CHF: causes of exacerbation
A SMITH PEAR:
Anemia
Salt/ Stress/ Stopping meds
MI
Infection/ Ischemia
Thyroid (high/low)
HTN
Pericarditis
Endocarditis (valve disease)
Arrhythmia
Rx (beta blocker, etc)
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Depressed ST-segment: causes
DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
Subendocardial ischemia
Subendocardial infarct
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Shock
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine
ECG: left vs. right bundle block
"WiLLiaM MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
_ Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.
ECG: T wave inversion causes
INVERT:
Ischemia
Normality [esp. young, black]
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]
RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension
Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock
"Heart SAVER":
Symphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
_ In all 5, system is activated/factor is released
Heart failure: signs
TAPED TORCH:
Tachycardia
Ascites
Pulsus alternans
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Displaced apex beat
Third heart sound
Oedema
Right ventricular heave
Crepitations or wheeze
Hepatomegaly (tender)
Heart murmurs
"hARD ASS MRS. MSD":
hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
ASS: Aortic Stenosis = Systolic
MRS: Mitral Regurg = Systolic
MSD: Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes
HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
Obstruction of venea cava
Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase
JVP: wave form
ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
Systole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
MI: basic management
BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms
PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Excessive sweating
MI: therapeutic treatment
ROAMBAL:
Reassure
Oxygen
Aspirin
Morphine (diamorphine)
Beta blocker
Arthroplasty
Lignocaine
MI: therapeutic treatment
"O BATMAN!":
Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (eg heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
MI: therapeutic treatment
MONAH:
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Aspirin
Heparin
MI: treatment of acute MI
COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate
Mitral regurgitation
When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs".
Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology
MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.
Murmur attributes
"IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
Shape
Timing
Murmurs: innocent murmur features
8 S's:
Soft
Systolic
Short
Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
Symptomless
Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)
Sternal depression
"Do Block AV":
Digoxin
B-blockers
Adenosine
Verapamil
Aortic regurgitation: causes
CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan’s
Aortic stenosis characteristics
SAD:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
_ If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat
DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence/ Scoliosis/ Skeletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum)
Atrial fibrillation: causes
A SHIT:
Alcohol
Stenosis (mitral valve)
Hypertension
Infarction/ Ischaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Atrial fibrillation: causes
PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation: management
ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)
3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
"Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium"
_ Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
CHF: causes of exacerbation
FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
CHF: causes of exacerbation
A SMITH PEAR:
Anemia
Salt/ Stress/ Stopping meds
MI
Infection/ Ischemia
Thyroid (high/low)
HTN
Pericarditis
Endocarditis (valve disease)
Arrhythmia
Rx (beta blocker, etc)
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Depressed ST-segment: causes
DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
Subendocardial ischemia
Subendocardial infarct
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Shock
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine
ECG: left vs. right bundle block
"WiLLiaM MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
_ Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.
ECG: T wave inversion causes
INVERT:
Ischemia
Normality [esp. young, black]
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]
RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension
Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock
"Heart SAVER":
Symphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
_ In all 5, system is activated/factor is released
Heart failure: signs
TAPED TORCH:
Tachycardia
Ascites
Pulsus alternans
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Displaced apex beat
Third heart sound
Oedema
Right ventricular heave
Crepitations or wheeze
Hepatomegaly (tender)
Heart murmurs
"hARD ASS MRS. MSD":
hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
ASS: Aortic Stenosis = Systolic
MRS: Mitral Regurg = Systolic
MSD: Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes
HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
Obstruction of venea cava
Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase
JVP: wave form
ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
Systole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
MI: basic management
BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms
PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Excessive sweating
MI: therapeutic treatment
ROAMBAL:
Reassure
Oxygen
Aspirin
Morphine (diamorphine)
Beta blocker
Arthroplasty
Lignocaine
MI: therapeutic treatment
"O BATMAN!":
Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (eg heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
MI: therapeutic treatment
MONAH:
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Aspirin
Heparin
MI: treatment of acute MI
COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate
Mitral regurgitation
When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs".
Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology
MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.
Murmur attributes
"IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
Shape
Timing
Murmurs: innocent murmur features
8 S's:
Soft
Systolic
Short
Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
Symptomless
Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)
Sternal depression
Pharmacology-Mnemonics
ACEI, Side
Effects
CAPTOPRIL
Cough,
anaphylaxis,
palpitations,
taste,
orthostatic ↓BP,
Potassium (↑K+),
Renal impairment,
impotence,
leucocytosis
Anti-epileptic side Effects
ABCDEFGH
Ataxia,
blood dyscrasia,
cleft lip,
dupuytrens / vit D def,
exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnson’s. Fits,
GI upset / gum hypertrophy,
hepatitis / hairy
Barbiturate side Effects
ABCD
Ataxia,
behavioural disturbance,
↓concentration / coma,
depression / drowsy / diplopia
Cholinergic OD side Effects
DUMB BELS
Diarrhoea,
Urination,
Miosis / muscle weakness,
bronchorrea
Bradycardia,
emesis,
lacrimation,
salivation / sweating
Cyclosporin Side Effects
4HRT
4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy
R – Renal toxicity
T - Tremor
Digoxin S/E
GECCKO
GIT – n&v, abdo pain, ulcers
Eyes – blurring, halo, xanthopsia
CNS – depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations
Cardiac – ANY arrhythmia
K - low
MAOI side Effects
3Hs
Hepatocellular jaundice,
Hyperthermia,
hypertension
TCAD side Effects
CAN WOO
Cvs,
Anticholinergic,
Neuro,
Withdrawal,
Overdose,
Others
Steroids Side Effects
HIGH COMPACT IMPS
Hypertension,
Immunosuppression,
Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),
Heartburn
Cataract,
Osteoporosis,
Muscle weakness,
Path # / Psychosis,
Acne / Altered Glucose,
Cushingoid,
Thin skin
Increased appetite,
Myopathy,
poor wound healing,
stress response reduced
Or AM CUSHINGOID
Acne,
Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox)
Cushingoid / Cataract,
Ulcers,
Striae, skin thin (bruising),
Hypertension / hairy,
Infection,
Glycosuria,
Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema,
Immunosuppression / Insomnia,
Depression
CAPTOPRIL
Cough,
anaphylaxis,
palpitations,
taste,
orthostatic ↓BP,
Potassium (↑K+),
Renal impairment,
impotence,
leucocytosis
Anti-epileptic side Effects
ABCDEFGH
Ataxia,
blood dyscrasia,
cleft lip,
dupuytrens / vit D def,
exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnson’s. Fits,
GI upset / gum hypertrophy,
hepatitis / hairy
Barbiturate side Effects
ABCD
Ataxia,
behavioural disturbance,
↓concentration / coma,
depression / drowsy / diplopia
Cholinergic OD side Effects
DUMB BELS
Diarrhoea,
Urination,
Miosis / muscle weakness,
bronchorrea
Bradycardia,
emesis,
lacrimation,
salivation / sweating
Cyclosporin Side Effects
4HRT
4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy
R – Renal toxicity
T - Tremor
Digoxin S/E
GECCKO
GIT – n&v, abdo pain, ulcers
Eyes – blurring, halo, xanthopsia
CNS – depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations
Cardiac – ANY arrhythmia
K - low
MAOI side Effects
3Hs
Hepatocellular jaundice,
Hyperthermia,
hypertension
TCAD side Effects
CAN WOO
Cvs,
Anticholinergic,
Neuro,
Withdrawal,
Overdose,
Others
Steroids Side Effects
HIGH COMPACT IMPS
Hypertension,
Immunosuppression,
Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),
Heartburn
Cataract,
Osteoporosis,
Muscle weakness,
Path # / Psychosis,
Acne / Altered Glucose,
Cushingoid,
Thin skin
Increased appetite,
Myopathy,
poor wound healing,
stress response reduced
Or AM CUSHINGOID
Acne,
Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox)
Cushingoid / Cataract,
Ulcers,
Striae, skin thin (bruising),
Hypertension / hairy,
Infection,
Glycosuria,
Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema,
Immunosuppression / Insomnia,
Depression
Narcotic antagonists-Pharm.d
Mnemonics
The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone. ·
Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.
The Cephalosporins -Remember this
story
·
First Generation Cephahlosporins - Remember this story:
Mr. Fazol (ceFAZOLin) is a Lorry Driver (cephaLORIdine). He works very
hard and has become Thin (cephaloTHIN) He has a "Rad" Watch on his
hand (cephRADine) and a "Lux" soap (cephaLEXin). He wears a bright
green Drawer {i.e trousers} ( cefaDROxil)
Route of drug administration: He will put the Lux soap in his Drawer - (Cefalexin & Cefradine are given orally. The latter can also be given i.v. /.i.m.. All others- i.v. /.i.m)
Route of drug administration: He will put the Lux soap in his Drawer - (Cefalexin & Cefradine are given orally. The latter can also be given i.v. /.i.m.. All others- i.v. /.i.m)
·
Second Generation Cephalosporins: Remember FOX,
FUR, FAC - ceFOXitin, ceFURoxime, ceFAClor
·
Third Generation Cephalosporins - The story goes thus:
Mr. Aziz (ceftAZIdime) is taking an Ox (ceftizOXime, cefpodOXime) in a
Taxi (cefoTAXIme) for slaughtering, i.e. an Operation (cefOPERAZONE). For this
purpose he is taking Three Axon blades (cefTRIAXONe). He will Fix (ceFIXime)
the ox for dinner (cefDINIR) in a short time!
Route of drug administration: Fix the price and eat (only Cefixime is given oral: all others im/iv).
ADRs: Operation will cause bleeding (Cefoperazone cause bleeding)
Route of drug administration: Fix the price and eat (only Cefixime is given oral: all others im/iv).
ADRs: Operation will cause bleeding (Cefoperazone cause bleeding)
·
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins:
My wierd dream: QUEEN of ROME who FLEW to OZONE layer, fell down and was made IP (Inpatient) by ME. Helps you to
remember fourth generation cephalosporins - Cefquinome, Cefpirome, Cefluprenam, Cefozopran, Cefipime.
Cardiovascular Drugs
Some Cardiovascular Drugs:
digoxin (Lanoxin)—ADRs: yellow-green halos, psychosis, arrhythmias
(check levels); contraindicated in pt.s with vfib
atenolol (Tenormin)—beta blocker—ADRs:
hypotension, bradycardia; contraindicated in pregnancy; do NOT abruptly
withdrawal
enalapril (Vasotec)—ACE inhibitor—ADRs:
angioedema, hyperkalemia, hypotension, dry cough; contraindicated in
pregnancy
furosemide (Lasix)—loop diuretic—ADRs: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity,
hypokalemia, photosensitivity;
You might also like:
Commonly
Confused Drug Names
Many medications are
often confused when written and/or spoken. The Institute for Safe Medication
Practices (ISMP) has published an extensive list of commonly confused drug
names in the ISMP Medication Safety Alert!.
Medications included in this publication are name pairs that have been involved in medication errors reported to the ISMP through the USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting Program. Below is a condensed list of medications taken from the ISMP publication that are commonly used in long term care.
Medications included in this publication are name pairs that have been involved in medication errors reported to the ISMP through the USP-ISMP Medication Errors Reporting Program. Below is a condensed list of medications taken from the ISMP publication that are commonly used in long term care.
Drug Name
|
Confused Drug Name
|
Abelcet
|
amphotericin B
|
Accupril
|
Aciphex
|
acetaZOLAMIDE
|
acetoHEXAMIDE
|
acetic acid for irrigation
|
glacial acetic acid
|
acetoHEXAMIDE
|
acetaZOLAMIDE
|
Aciphex
|
Accupril
|
Aciphex
|
Aricept
|
Activase
|
Cathflo Activase
|
Activase
|
TNKase
|
Actonel
|
Actos
|
Actos
|
Actonel
|
Adacel (Tdap)
|
Daptacel (DTaP)
|
Adderall
|
Inderal
|
Adderall
|
Adderall XR
|
Adderall XR
|
Adderall
|
Advair
|
Advicor
|
Advicor
|
Advair
|
Advicor
|
Altocor
|
Afrin (oxymetazoline)
|
Afrin (saline)
|
Afrin (saline)
|
Afrin (oxymetazoline)
|
Aggrastat
|
argatroban
|
Aldara
|
Alora
|
Alkeran
|
Leukeran
|
Alkeran
|
Myleran
|
Allegra
|
Viagra
|
Alora
|
Aldara
|
ALPRAZolam
|
LORazepam
|
Altocor
|
Advicor
|
amantadine
|
amiodarone
|
Amaryl
|
Reminyl
|
Ambisome
|
amphotericin B
|
Amicar
|
Omacor
|
Amikin
|
Kineret
|
aMILoride
|
amLODIPine
|
amiodarone
|
amantadine
|
Drug Name
|
Confused Drug Name
|
amLODIPine
|
aMILoride
|
amphotericin B
|
Abelcet
|
amphotericin B
|
Ambisome
|
Anacin
|
Anacin-3
|
Anacin-3
|
Anacin
|
antacid
|
Atacand
|
Antivert
|
Axert
|
Anzemet
|
Avandamet
|
Apresoline
|
Priscoline
|
argatroban
|
Aggrastat
|
argatroban
|
Orgaran
|
Aricept
|
Aciphex
|
Aricept
|
Azilect
|
ARIPiprazole
|
proton pump inhibitors
|
ARIPiprazole
|
RABEprazole
|
Asacol
|
Os-Cal
|
Atacand
|
antacid
|
Atrovent
|
Natru-Vent
|
Avandamet
|
Anzemet
|
Avandia
|
Prandin
|
Avandia
|
Coumadin
|
AVINza
|
INVanz
|
AVINza
|
Evista
|
Axert
|
Antivert
|
azaCITIDine
|
azaTHIOprine
|
azaTHIOprine
|
azaCITIDine
|
Azilect
|
Aricept
|
B & O (belladonna andopium)
|
Beano
|
BabyBIG
|
HBIG (hepatitis B immuneglobulin)
|
Bayhep-B
|
Bayrab
|
Bayhep-B
|
Bayrho-D
|
Bayrab
|
Bayhep-B
|
Bayrab
|
Bayrho-D
|
Bayrho-D
|
Bayhep-B
|
Bayrho-D
|
Bayrab
|
* Brand names always start with an uppercase letter. Some brand names incorporate tall man letters in initial characters and may not be readily recognized as brand names. Brand name products appear in black; generic/other products appear in red.
This is soo helpful when remembering Beta Blockers (cardiovascular medication).
B1- affects the heart (heart is 1 organ)
B2- affects the lungs (there are 2 lungs)
B1- affects the heart (heart is 1 organ)
B2- affects the lungs (there are 2 lungs)
You might also like:
This is soo helpful when remembering Beta Blockers (cardiovascular medication).
B1- affects the heart (heart is 1 organ)
B2- affects the lungs (there are 2 lungs)
B1- affects the heart (heart is 1 organ)
B2- affects the lungs (there are 2 lungs)
You might also like:
ANTIBIOTICS-PHARMD
MNEMONIC
These are the different classes of medications and their
mechanism of action. I’ve sorted them by
